Ordination

For Further Reading

Allan, Peter, and others. The Fire and the Clay (SPCK, 1993) wrestles with questions of priestly identity, formation, and ministry.

Bausch, William. Ministry: Traditions, Tensions, Transitions (Twenty-Third Publications, 1982) looks at what is happening today in the light of history and offers practical suggestions for the future.

Cozzens, Donald. The Changing Face of the Priesthood (Liturgical Press, 2000) articulates what is happening to the ordained ministry with data from psychology, sociology, and the experience of priests.

Donovan, Daniel. What Are They Saying About the Ministerial Priesthood? (Paulist Press, 1992) is a reportive summary of the theology of ministry since Vatican II.

Edwards, Paul. Theology of the Priesthood (Clergy Book Service, 1974) is a concise, historical, and witty essay on the role of priests in Catholicism.

Fischer, James. Priests: Images, Ideals, and Changing Roles (Dodd, Mead and Company, 1987) examines the life of the priest in the past and present, and speculates about the future.

Goergen, Donald, ed. Being a Priest Today (Liturgical Press, 1992) is a collection of well-written articles on a wide range of topics related to priesthood.

Grassi, Dominic. Do You Love Me? (Thomas More Press, 1991) looks at priestly ministry as a vocation to love and care for others.

Häring, Bernard. Priesthood Imperiled (Liguori/Triumph, 1996) interweaves personal, scriptural, historical, theological and moral reflections on current church policies and practices.

Hume, Basil. Light in the Lord (Liturgical Press, 1993) offers brief reflections on priests, bishops, and laity.

O'Keefe, Mark. In Persona Christi (Abbey Press, 1998) is a short book of theological reflections on priestly identity and holiness.

Perri, William. A Radical Challenge for Priesthood Today (Twenty-Third Publications, 1996) suggests that traditional priesthood is dying, in preparation for a transformation and rebirth in the future.

Schoenherr, Richard, and Lawerence Young. Full Pews and Empty Altars (University of Wisconsin Press, 1993) documents the growing priest shortage in the United States.

Sweeney, Terrence. A Church Divided (Prometheus Books, 1992) is based on surveys of Catholic clergy and laity about priestly celibacy and the ordination of women.

Wilkes, Paul. In Mysterious Ways (Random House, 1990) reveals the thoughts and feelings of a parish priest in a contemporary church situation.

Wister, Robert. Priests: Identity and Ministry (Michael Glazier, 1990) is a modest collection of articles by moderate theologians and conservative bishops.

For Further Study
History

Barstow, Anne Llewellyn. Married Priests and the Reforming Papacy (Edwin Mellin Press, 1982) traces the history of clerical marriage through the first centuries of Christianity and the increasing devaluation of sexuality in the late Roman world.

Bartlett, David. Ministry in the New Testament (Fortress Press, 1993) connects Catholic and Protestant statements on ministry with biblical principles and values.

Bernier, Paul. Ministry in the Church (Twenty-Third Publications, 1992) uses historical analysis to shed light on the meaning and practice of ministry and priesthood today.

Bradshaw, Paul. Ordination Rites of the Ancient Churches of East and West (Pueblo, 1990) translates and comments on texts dating from the second through the twelfth centuries.

Brown, Raymond. Priest and Bishop: Some Biblical Reflections (Paulist Press, 1970) examines the New Testament for the origins of the Catholic clergy.

Cholij, Roman. Clerical Celibacy in East and West (Fowler Wright Books, 1989) holds that clerical celibacy existed from the earliest days of the church in the form of continence after ordination.

Cochini, Christian. Apostolic Origins of Priestly Celibacy (Ignatius Press, 1990) equates celibacy with sexual continence in marriage to argue for celibacy after ordination.

Cooke, Bernard. Ministry to Word and Sacraments (Fortress Press, 1976) is a scholarly and thorough treatment of the history and theology of ministry which also provides background for understanding the development of the other sacraments in relation to the priesthood.

Culbertson, Philip, and Arthur Bradford Shippee. The Pastor: Readings from the Patristic Period (Fortress Press, 1990) supplies texts of early writers on ministry and the church.

Cunningham, Agnes. The Bishop in the Church (Michael Glazier, 1985) gives selections from eighteen patristic sources on the role and function of the early episcopate.

Dunn, Patrick. Priesthood: A Reexamination of the Roman Catholic Theology of the Presbyterate (Alba House, 1990) documents the history of ordained ministry and discusses the contemporary situation in some detail.

Fichter, Joseph. Wives of Catholic Clergy (Sheed and Ward, 1992) looks at the history and current practice of priests having wives, and of the treatment of women in relation to clergy.

Frassetto, Michael, ed. Medieval Purity and Piety (Garland, 1998) contains scholarly essays on clerical celibacy and religious reform.

James, E. O. The Nature and Function of Priesthood (Barnes and Noble, 1955) is a comparative study of priesthood in various religions.

Lea, Henry Charles. History of Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church (University Books, 1966) is a Protestant analysis first published in 1867 that attributes the strength of the Catholic Church to the discipline imposed on its clergy.

Martimort, Aim Georges. Deaconness: An Historical Study (Ignatius Press, 1986) meticulously examines the evidence for women deacons in the first seven centuries of Christianity.

Mitchell, Nathan. Mission and Ministry (Michael Glazier, 1982) presents the history and theology of ordained ministry, with special emphasis on the first three centuries of Christianity.

Mohler, James. The Origin and Evolution of Priesthood (Alba House, 1970) shows the development from the early Christian community to the fifth century.

Nichols, Aidan. Holy Order (Veritas, 1990) is a traditionalist interpretation of the history of the priesthood that selectively utilizes biblical and historical scholarship to support its positions.

Niebuhr, H. Richard, and Daniel Williams, eds. The Ministry in Historical Perspective (Harper and Row, 1983) is a balanced multi-author treatment that describes Protestant as well as Catholic developments.

O'Grady, John. Disciples and Leaders (Paulist Press, 1991) examines the ministry of Jesus and his followers as they are described in the gospels and the other books of the New Testament.

Osborne, Kenan. Priesthood: A History of Ordained Ministry in the Roman Catholic Church (Paulist Press, 1988) is a thorough, detailed, and balanced exposition of the subject.

Perkins, Pheme. Ministry in the Pauline Churches (Paulist Press, 1982) examines the diverse roles and functions of ministers during the first decades of Christianity.

Volz, Carl. Pastoral Life and Practice in the Early Church (Fortress Press, 1990) looks at the office and functions of the pastor during the first five centuries, including the pastoral role of women.

Warkentin, Marjorie. Ordination: A Biblical-Historical View (William B. Eerdmans, 1982) traces the ritual of laying on of hands from its Jewish precedents to its early Christian developments.

Theology

Countryman, L. William. The Language of Ordination (Trinity Press International, 1992) attempts to minimize the differences between competing theories of ordination in various churches.

Drilling, Peter. Trinity and Ministry (Fortress Press, 1991) uses insights from history, systematic theology, and the transcendental method of Lonergan and Rahner to construct a communitarian theology of ministry.

Dulles, Avery. The Priestly Office (Paulist Press, 1997) presents five lectures to priests, reflecting on the Catholic understanding of priesthood.

Gaillardetz, Richard. Witness to the Faith (Paulist Press, 1992) examines the concept of ordinary magisterium from its first appearance in the nineteenth century to after Vatican II.

Galot, Jean. Theology of the Priesthood (Ignatius Press, 1984) presents a contemporary understanding of the Catholic priesthood developed along rather traditional lines.

Greshake, Gisbert. The Meaning of Christian Priesthood (Christian Classics, 1989) argues that there is an essential difference between priest and laity in virtue of priestly ordination and consecration.

Greenwood, Robin. Transforming Priesthood (SPCK, 1994) examines the changing role of Anglican priests in the twentieth century and develops a relational theology of ministry.

Gromada, Conrad. The Theology of Ministry in the "Lima Document" (International Scholars Publications, 1995) reconstructs the recent evolution of the Protestant understanding of ministry.

Hill, Edmund. Ministry and Authority in the Catholic Church (Geoffrey Chapman, 1988) argues that if ministry is service, authority should not be concentrated in the hierarchy and supported by clericalism.

Lawler, Michael. A Theology of Ministry (Sheed and Ward, 1990) is a solid introduction to the different meanings and types of ministry in the church today.

O’Meara, Thomas. Theology of Ministry (Paulist Press, 1999) develops an understanding of ministry that embraces clerical and lay, professional and volunteer service in the church.

Power, David. Ministers of Christ and His Church (Geoffrey Chapman, 1969) is a detailed study of the theology of pastoral ministry from early Christian times to recent times.

Power, Dermot. A Spiritual Theology of the Priesthood (Catholic University of America Press, 1998) is a rather theoretical application of Hans Urs von Balthasar's Christology and ecclesiology to priestly ministry.

Puglisi, James. The Process of Admission to Ordained Ministry (Liturgical Press, 1996) is a three-volume comparative study of Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran, Reformed, and Methodist ordination rites.

Richards, Michael. A People of Priests (Darton, Longman and Todd, 1995) tries to pin down the difference between the priesthood of the presbyterate and the priesthood of the faithful.

Schillebeeckx, Edward. Ministry: Leadership in the Community of Jesus Christ (Crossroad, 1981) looks at current issues concerning the priesthood in the light of New Testament and historical precedents. The Church with a Human Face (1985) revises the argument of the previous book and challenges Catholics to rethink the meaning and practice of ministry.

Shelp, Earl, and Ronald Sutherland, eds. A Biblical Basis for Ministry (Westminster Press, 1981) presents five articles by scripture scholars on the nature of ministry.

Tavard, George. A Review of Anglican Orders (Liturgical Press, 1990) looks at the historical origin of the problem between the Catholic and Anglican churches, and suggests solutions that are ecumenically feasible.

Terwilliger, Robert, and Urban Holmes, eds. To Be a Priest (Seabury Press, 1975) collects articles by Anglicans, Catholics and Orthodox on various aspects of the priesthood.

Priestly Life and Spirituality

Audet, Jean-Paul. Structures of the Christian Priesthood (Macmillan, 1968) discusses the development of priestly lifestyle from marriage to celibacy.

Bassett, William, and Peter Huizing, eds. Celibacy in the Church (Herder and Herder, 1972) contains a good collection of articles on past and recent aspects of the issue.

Bausch, William. Take Heart, Father (Twenty-Third Publications, 1986) helps priests to look at themselves and their ministry in society where priestly prestige and numbers are declining.

Bertola, Carlo. I Have Called You Friends (Alba House, 1989) encourages priests to develop fraternal relationships with other priests to support their personal life and church ministry.

Congregation for the Clergy. Directory for the Life and Ministry of Priests (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1994) contains official world-wide directives for many aspects of priestly life.

Fogarty, John. The Catholic Priest: His Identity and Values (Sheed and Ward, 1988) analyzes the beliefs and values of priests through the results of a sociological survey.

Gallagher, Charles, and Thomas Vandenberg. The Celibacy Myth (Crossroad, 1987) is a positive presentation of celibacy as a special charism in, of, and for the church.

Gleeson, Gerald. Priesthood: The Hard Questions (E. J. Dwyer, 1993) looks at spirituality, celibacy, clericalism, sacramentality, morality, and women's ordination.

Griffin, James. The Priestly Heart (Alba House, 1984) presents retreat conferences given to priests on topics of importance to them.

Gunzel, Raymond. Celibacy (Sheed and Ward, 1988) argues that celibacy for the purpose of intimacy with God makes possible a uniquely creative presence of Christ in the world.

Hedin, Raymond. Married to the Church (Indiana University Press, 1995) paints a composite portrait of priests' lives based on interviews with members of the author's seminary class.

Hennessy, Paul. A Concert of Charisms (Paulist Press, 1997) orchestrates articles on various themes by priests in different religious orders.

Hickey, Raymond. A Case for an Auxiliary Priesthood (Orbis Books, 1982) argues for a new type of priesthood in Africa, where many more priests are needed.

Jaki, Stanley. Theology of Priestly Celibacy (Christendom Press, 1997) develops a balanced and nuanced understanding of the relationship between priesthood and celibacy.

Johnson, Ben Campbell. Pastoral Spirituality (Westminster Press, 1988) examines all major aspects of pastoring from a variety of theological and pastoral perspectives.

Jones, Alan. Sacrifice and Delight (Harper San Francisco, 1992) develops a spirituality for ministry around the metaphor of sacrifice and the rewards of self-giving.

Kinast, Robert. Sacramental Pastoral Care (Pueblo, 1984) explores the role of the priest in sacramental ministry through reflection on case studies.

Kruse, Colin. New Testament Models for Ministry: Jesus and Paul (Thomas Nelson, 1985) asks what can be learned from the words and deeds of Christianity's two originators.

Lauder, Robert. The Priest As Person (Affirmation Books, 1981) applies existential philosophy of the person to the priesthood.

Maestri, William. A Priest to Turn To (Alba House, 1989) proposes biblical models for priests in their pastoral roles today.

Mason, Kenneth. Priesthood and Society (Canterbury Press, 1992) is an extended literary essay, very British in feeling and tone, on the concept of priesthood.

McBrien, Richard. Ministry: A Theological, Pastoral Handbook (Harper and Row, 1987) discusses ministry from a broad perspective and proposes a fundamental spirituality for ministry.

McGinnity, Gerard. Christmen: Experience of Priesthood Today (Christian Classics, 1986) offers personal reflections on the experience of being a priest in Ireland.

Morin, Douglas. Instrument of Peace (Alba House, 1989) discusses spiritual growth through prayer and meditation, celibacy and friendship, sacramental and pastoral ministry.

Murphy, James. New Beginnings in Ministry (Columba Press, 1992) is a somewhat uneven collection of articles by the faculty of an Irish seminary for its sesquicentennial.

Murphy, Sheila. A Delicate Dance (Crossroad, 1982) relates stories of celibates' experiences of intimacy, both emotional and sexual, gathered through interviews and questionnaires.

Neuhaus, Richard John. Freedom for Ministry (William B. Eerdmans, 1992) is an extended essay combining personal reflections, theological insights and objective observations.

O'Keefe, Mark. The Ordination of a Priest (Abbey Press, 1999) draws implications from the rite of ordination for priestly life and spirituality.

Pennington, Basil, and Carl Arico. Living Our Priesthood Today (Our Sunday Visitor, 1987) presents reflections by two priests on the charism and ministry of priesthood in the contemporary church.

Perling, James. Common Sense for Priests (Our Sunday Visitor, 1996) offers seven short stories illustrating challenges faced at different stages of a priest's life.

Philippe, Pierre Paul. The Virgin Mary and the Priesthood (Alba House, 1993) reissues a book written in 1947 that develops a spirituality of the priesthood from a pre-Vatican II perspective.

Ramshaw, Elaine. Ritual and Pastoral Care (Fortress Press, 1987) examines the central role that ministers play in their function as leaders of church rituals.

Rice, David. Shattered Vows (Viking Penguin, 1990) tells personal stories of priest who have left and how they have been treated, including some stories of priests who have stayed.

Sipe, A. W. Richard. Sex, Priests and Power (Brunner Mazel, 1995) analyzes the contemporary priest crisis in terms of celibacy and its pathologies in covert sexual behavior.

Sammon, Sean. An Undivided Heart (Alba House, 1993) talks about the lived reality of celibate living from practical, psychological, social and theological perspectives.

Schillebeeckx, Edward. Clerical Celibacy Under Fire (Sheed and Ward, 1968) reviews the historical reasons for celibacy, acknowledges contemporary questions about the practice, and suggests that the issue be studied.

Stickler, Alfons. The Case for Clerical Celibacy (Ignatius Press, 1995) summarizes historical and theological arguments on one side while ignoring those on the other.

Vogels, Heinz-J. Celibacy—Gift or Law? (Sheed and Ward, 1993) argues that if celibacy is a special charism, it cannot be mandated for all.

Permanent Deacons

Barnett, James. The Diaconate: A Full and Equal Order (Trinity Press International, 1995) offers a detailed history of the diaconate and a description of the restored diaconate in the Roman Catholic and Episcopal churches.

Brockman, Norbert. Ordained to Service (Exposition Press, 1976) is another brief and clear presentation of the development and meaning of the permanent diaconate.

Collins, John. Diakonia (Oxford University Press, 1990) meticulously examines the roots of the word in the Old and New Testaments.

Echlin, Edward. The Deacon in the Church (Alba House, 1971) is a brief but thorough history of the diaconate from apostolic times to the present.

Foundations for the Renewal of the Diaconate (NCCB, 1993) is an official collection of eight articles by Karl Rahner and others about the history and meaning of the diaconate.

Hall, Christine, ed. The Deacon's Ministry (Morehouse, 1992) contains articles that look at the history, theology and practice of the diaconate in different churches.

McCaslin, Patrick, and Michael Lawler, eds. Sacrament of Service (Paulist Press, 1986) compares the intended vision and the actual reality of the permanent diaconate.

Olson, Jeannine. One Ministry, Many Roles (Concordia, 1992) recounts the history of deacons and deaconnesses in Protestant traditions in support of attempts to revive that office.

Plater, Ormonde. Many Servants (Cowley Publications, 1991) tells the story of the reintroduction of the deaconate into the Episcopal Church.

Ratigan, Virginia Kaib, and Arlene Anderson Swidler, eds. A New Phoebe (Sheed and Ward, 1990) collects articles by deacons' wives and others about their experiences, beliefs and hopes.

Sherman, Lynn. The Deacon in the Church (Alba House, 1991) looks at the diacontate in history, describes its restoration after Vatican II, and recounts personal experiences in the ministry.

Shugrue, Timothy. Service Ministry of the Deacon (United States Catholic Conference, 1988) summarizes the official understanding of the nature and role of the permanent diaconate in the American church.

The Ordination of Women

Allchin, A. M., and others. A Fearful Symmetry? (SPCK, 1992) presents arguments against the ordination of women, written by an ecumenical group of women and men.

Behr-Sigel, Elisabeth. The Ministry of Women in the Church (Oakwood Publications, 1987) examines the place and privileges of women within the Orthodox tradition.

Byrne, Lavinia. Women at the Altar (Continuum, 1994) interweaves personal experiences and theological reflections to argue for women's ordination.

Caldwell, Charles. Head and Glory (Preservation Press, 1996) argues that hierarchy and patriarchy are revealed by God as the natural order, reflecting the supernatural order of the Trinity.

Chapman, Jennifer. The Last Bastion (Methuen, 1989) examines the issue of whether or not to ordain women in the Church of England.

Chaves, Mark. Ordaining Women (Harvard University Press, 1997) looks at institutional changes taking place in churches that allow women to have pastoral roles.

Clouse, Bonidell, and Robert Clouse. Women in Ministry (InterVarsity Press, 1989) presents two Protestant positions in favor and two opposed to women having leadership roles in the church.

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. From "Inter Insignores" to "Ordinatio Sacerdotalis" (USCC, 1998) gives the official reasons why the Catholic Church cannot ordain women.

Field-Bibb, Jacqueline. Women Towards Priesthood (Cambridge University Press, 1991) documents and interprets movements towards women's ordination in the Methodist, Anglican and Catholic churches.

Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schüssler, and Hermann Häring, eds. The Non-Ordination of Women and the Politics of Power (Orbis Books, 1999) presents articles critical of the Vatican's policies and procedures.

FitzGerald, Kyriaki Kardoyanes. Women Deacons in the Orthodox Church (Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 1998) shows how this office arose and declined in the East, and argues for its restoration.

Furlong, Monica, ed. Feminine in the Church (SPCK, 1984) contains twelve articles by Anglicans and others prior to consideration of the ordination of women by that church.

Gardiner, Anne Marie, ed. Women and Catholic Priesthood (Paulist Press, 1976) summarizes the state of the issue for those favoring the ordination of women in the 1970s.

Grenz, Stanley. Women in the Church (InterVarsity Press, 1995) sheds light on Catholic issues from a Protestant perspective.

Grierson, Janet. The Deaconness (CIO Publishing, 1981) traces the history of deasonnesses in the Church of England from the restoration of the order in 1872 to the international picture in the 1970s.

Gryson, Roger. The Ministry of Women in the Early Church (Liturgical Press, 1976) supplies a balanced view of the historical data from the first to the sixth century.

Hauke, Manfred. Women in the Priesthood? (Ignatius Press, 1988) argues on historical, doctrinal, and ontological grounds that women are incapable of being ordained priests.

Heine, Susanne. Women and Early Christianity (SCM Press, 1987) uses an impartial scholarly approach to show that women were discriminated against and lost leadership roles during the first centuries.

Hopko, Thomas, ed. Women and the Priesthood (St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1999) presents articles that support the traditional practice in Othodoxy and some that question the exclusion of women.

Jewett, Paul. The Ordination of Women (William B. Eerdmans, 1980) analyzes and responds to the major arguments against the possibility of ordaining women.

John Paul II. Ordinatio Sacerdotalis (USCC, 1994) is an official restatement of the Catholic Church's position on the impossibility of ordaining women set forth in 1976.

Kelly-Zukowski, Mara. The Role of Tradition in Modern Catholic Ecclesiological Problems (Catholic Scholars Press, 1998) examines how tradition is used to argue for and against the ordination of women.

Lang, Judith. Ministers of Grace (St. Paul Publications, 1989) follows the development of three orders of ministry open to women in the early church: deaconnesses, widows, and virgins.

Maloney, David. The Church Cannot Ordain Women to the Priesthood (Franciscan Herald Press, 1978) is a short apologia in plain language for the Vatican’s declaration on the ordination of women.

Melton, J. Gordon. The Churches Speak On: The Ordination of Women (Gale Research, 1991) reprints official statements of Christian churches, ecumenical organizations, and other religious bodies.

Micks, Marianne, and Charles Price, eds. Toward a New Theology of Ordination (Greeno, Hadden and Company, 1976) collects essays written to help Episcopalians decide about the ordination of women.

Petre, Jonathan. By Sex Divided (Harper Collins, 1994) recounts three decades of Anglican wrangling over the ordination of women.

Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration on the Question of the Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood (United States Catholic Conference, 1977) provides the text and an official commentary on the position of the Catholic Church and the reasons supporting that position.

St. Pierre, Simone. The Struggle to Serve (McFarland, 1994) contrasts Catholic restrictions on the ordination of women with scriptural, historical and theological arguments for women's ministry.

Schmidt, Frederick. A Still Small Voice (Syracuse University Press, 1996) shows that in churches where women are admitted to ordination, they still suffer from patriarchal traditions and hierarchical structures.

Stuhlmueller, Carroll, ed. Women and Priesthood (Liturgical press, 1978) contains additional articles responding to the Vatican declaration on the admission of women to the priesthood.

Swidler, Leonard and Arlene, eds. Women Priests: A Catholic Commentary on the Vatican Declaration (Paulist Press, 1977) collects fifty articles by Catholic scholars who critique one or another aspect of the reasoning and conclusion of the declaration.

Tetlow, Elizabeth. Women and Ministry in the New Testament (Paulist Press, 1980) develops evidence from scriptural sources that women played important roles in early Christian communities.

Torjesen, Karen. When Women Were Priests (Harper San Francisco, 1990) claims that women held leadership positions in early Christianity, but most of these were lost by the fourth century.

van der Meer, Haye. Women Priests in the Church? (Temple University Press, 1973) examines biblical, patristic, and doctrinal texts usually invoked against the ordination of women.

Wakemen, Hilary, ed. Women Priests: The First Years (Darton, Longman and Todd, 1996) contains articles reporting and reflecting on the impact of women priests in the Church of England.

Webster, Margaret. A New Strength, A New Song (Cassell, 1994) recounts the long struggle towards the approval of women's ordination in the Church of England.

Witherington, Ben. Women in the Earliest Churches (Cambridge University Press, 1988) discusses and documents women's leadership roles during the first Christian centuries.

Zagano, Phyllis. Holy Saturday (Crossroad, 2000) argues that women should be ordained to the deaconate rather than to the priesthood.

Zikmund, Barbara Brown. Clergy Women: An Uphill Calling (Westminster John Knox, 1998) reports on the status of women clergy in main-line Protestant churches in the U.S.

Expanded Ministry

Congar, Yves. Lay People in the Church (Newman Press, 1957) is the ground-breaking classic on the importance of the vast majority of church members.

Cooper, Norman. Collaborative Ministry (Paulist Press, 1993) proposes a model of ministry based on a universal call to holiness and discipleship.

Cowan, Michael, ed. Alternative Futures for Worship, Volume 6: Leadership Ministry in Community (Liturgical Press, 1987) contains articles that explore the nature and function of Christian leadership and suggest new rites for a variety of church ministries.

Dolan, Jay, and others. Transforming Parish Ministry (Crossroad, 1990) closely examines the history of Catholic ministry—clerical, religious, and lay—in America from 1930 to the present.

Doohan, Helen. The Minister of God, Effective and Fulfilled (Alba House, 1986) discusses real problems and holistic solutions for dedicated ministers.

Doohan, Leonard. The Lay-Centered Church (Winston Press, 1984) assesses the situation today in terms of ministry and spirituality.

Dues, Greg, and Barbara Walkley. Called to Parish Ministry (Twenty-Third Publications, 1995) invites lay people who feel called to ministry to reflect on their identity, attitude, and spirituality.

Finn, Virginia. Pilgrim in the Parish (Paulist Press, 1986) is a basic introduction to ministerial spirituality for lay ministers, especially those without extensive theological training.

Fox, Zeni. New Ecclesial Ministry (Sheed and Ward, 1997) is a comprehensive overview of professional lay ministry as it is emerging in the United States.

Gerding, Susan Blum, and Frank DiSiano. Lay Ministers, Lay Disciples (Paulist Press, 1999) shows how lay ministers in any role can forward the work of evangelization in a parish.

Gilmour, Peter. The Emerging Pastor (Sheed and Ward, 1986) looks at what happens when sisters replace priests as administrators of rural parishes.

Gilmour, Peter, and Patricia O'Connell Killen, eds. Journeys in Ministry (Loyola University Press, 1989) contains reflective essays by IPS graduates around the world.

Hoge, Dean. The Future of Catholic Leadership (Sheed and Ward, 1987) analyzes the priest shortage with statistical research and discusses options for dealing with it.

Kinast, Robert. Caring for Society (Thomas More Press, 1985) describes the emergence of lay ministry in the Catholic Church and develops a biblical and sociological theology of this new reality.

Menking, Stanley, and Barbara Wendland. God's Partners (Judson Press, 1993) is based on the premise that ministering can be done in all walks of life by all Christians to all persons.

Messer, Donald. Contemporary Images of Christian Ministry (Abingdon Press, 1989) reviews the ways ministry has been seen in the past and discusses how it is viewed in the present.

Osborne, Kenan. Ministry: Lay Ministry in the Roman Catholic Church (Paulist Press, 1993) is an exhaustive study of the history and theology of ministry, lay and otherwise.

Pittinger, Norman. The Ministry of All Christians (Morehouse Barlow, 1983) presents an ecumenical theology of lay ministry in the contemporary church.

Power, David. Gifts that Differ (Pueblo, 1980) discusses the variety of ministries in apostolic and patristic times in relation to increasing lay participation in church ministries today.

Powers, William. Free Priests (Loyola University Press, 1992) tells the story of the organizations formed by laicized priests to promote reforms in the Catholic Church such as allowing for a married clergy.

Rademacher, William. Lay Ministry (Crossroad, 1991) tries to cover all aspects of the topic, and for the most part succeeds.

Sweetser, Thomas, and Carol Holden. Leadership in a Successful Parish (Sheed and Ward, 1992) analyzes parish life and its administration, suggesting a variety of management styles.

Together in God's Service (NCCB, 1998) presents papers from a colloquium on ecclesial lay ministry sponsored by the National Conference of Catholic Bishops.

Whitehead, James and Evelyn. The Emerging Laity (Doubleday, 1986) discusses the problems of leadership and collaboration in a church with both clerical and lay ministers. The Promise of Partnership (Harper San Francisco, 1991) explains how priests and lay people can work together in parish ministry.